![]() ![]() Many have switched from conventional cigarettes believing ECs had little or no risk. Recently, there has been a dramatic increase in EC usage, mainly because ECs deliver nicotine with flavorings to users in vapor instead of smoke, which is much less prohibited in public areas. Most of the ECs are made with a heating element which generates aerosols from a E-liquid solution at a temperature of roughly 100 - 250☌. Keywords: E-cigarette aerosols, protein response, human oral keratinocytes IntroductionĮlectronic cigarettes (ECs), also known as vapor cigarettes or vaporizer pens, are battery-powered devices that provide an inhalant containing nicotine and other additives. Meanwhile, Western blot analysis confirmed that CHOP, GRP78 (BIP), ATF4, IRE1α and XBP1s (spliced XBP1) were significantly up-regulated in NHOKs treated with EC aerosols.Ĭonclusion: Our results indicate that EC aerosols up-regulate the UPR pathway genes in NHOKs, and the induction of UPR response is mediated by the PERK - EIF2α - ATF4 and IRE1α - XBP1 pathways. The most significantly changed genes in EC aerosol-treated NHOKs versus untreated NHOKs were CHOP, ATF4, XBP1, IRE1α and BIP. qPCR analysis results were found to be well correlated with those from the DNA microarray analysis. The UPR pathway genes, C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), X box binding protein 1 (XBP1), and inositol-requiring enzyme 1 alpha (IRE1α) were all significantly up-regulated in EC aerosol-treated NHOKs whereas immunoglobulin heavy-chain binding protein (BIP) and PRKR-like ER kinase (PERK) were slightly up-regulated. Results: DNA microarray profiling followed by IPA revealed a number of signaling pathways, such as UPR, cell cycle regulation, TGF-β signaling, NRF2-mediated oxidative stress response, PI3K/AKT signaling, NF-κB signaling, and HGF signaling, activated by EC aerosols in NHOKs. Quantitative PCR was used to validate the expression changes of significantly altered genes. DNA microarrays were used to profile the gene expression changes in NHOKs treated with EC aerosols, and the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) was used to reveal signaling pathways altered by the EC aerosols. Materials and methods: EC aerosols were generated reproducibly with a home-made puffing device and impinged into the culture medium for NHOKs. The purpose of this study is to understand if EC aerosol exposure impacts the gene pathways of normal human oral keratinocytes (NHOKs), particularly the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway. However, the risks of ECs on oral health are uncertain. Objective: Since the introduction in 2004, global usage of e-cigarettes (ECs) has risen exponentially. Select the file that you have just downloaded and select import option Reference Manager (RIS). Available fromĬlick on Go to download the file. E-cigarette aerosols induce unfolded protein response in normal human oral keratinocytes. Ji EH, Elzakra N, Chen W, Cui L, Lee ES, Sun B, Messadi D, Xia T, Zhu Y, Hu S.
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